home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK01970}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{How Genetic Engineering Works}
- $Subject{gene genes Genetic genetics engineer Engineering technique techniques
- chromosome chromosomes chemical chemicals DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Avery
- MacLeod McCarty Watson Crick double helix nucleus nuclei cell cells protein
- proteins inherit inherited recombinant rDNA technology technologies enzyme
- enzymes bacteria bacterial yeast yeasts generate generates generated
- pathological Food Drug Administration FDA blood clot clots clotting hemophilia
- medication medications research researches researcher researchers}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (c) 1993 Tribune Media Services, Inc.
-
-
- How Genetic Engineering Works
-
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- QUESTION: Though I have read and heard much about the wonders of genetic
- engineering, I must admit I haven't the faintest clue as to how it works. Of
- course I understand that it changes the genes that one is born with, but how?
- How widespread is this technique, that some writers claim is the solution to
- all man's ills? Please, Dr. Bruckheim, keep this explanation simple and down
- to words of one syllable, and you will be doing an enormous service for all
- your devoted readers, of which I am but one.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ANSWER: One syllable, no! Simple, that may be attainable. A bit of basic
- science. Only about 50 years have passed since Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod
- and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that the chief component of the chromosome was
- a chemical they called DNA (for deoxyribonucleic acid). But it wasn't until
- 1953 that James Watson and Francis Crick were able to determine the shape of
- this vital chemical. It turned out to have a complicated shape, like two
- threads spiralling around each other, the so called "double helix". DNA is
- found in the nucleus of every living cell, and the amount of DNA in one human
- cell would stretch 6 to 7 feet if it were possible to string it out.
- Along this structure, the genes are located one right after another,
- like a string of pearls. Each gene is responsible for providing the
- information necessary to produce the proteins that are involved in the
- development of a single trait. There may be as many as 100,000 genes in a
- single cell.
- The first step in genetic engineering is to identify a gene, the trait it
- controls, and the location of the gene on the chromosome. Often you will read
- of a new "genetic breakthrough" when scientists finally locate an individual
- gene location that can be linked to a specific disease. A gene that is
- deficient in its composition won't produce the necessary proteins needed for
- normal development, and so can be responsible for an inherited syndrome or
- disease.
- It is like finding the address of a criminal you have been hunting for a
- long time, and while you haven't put the handcuffs on him yet, you at least
- know where he is hiding. Now you must replace that gene with one that can
- function. That can involve a process called recombinant genetic engineering,
- or recombinant DNA technology (often abbreviated as "rDNA").
- A normal gene may be removed from the rest of the chromosome, by cutting
- the strand, using enzymes, or "biological scissors". The normal gene is then
- spliced into the DNA of another host cell. In some cases that new host cell
- may be a bacteria or yeast, for they are easy to grow, and can produce large
- quantities of the needed chemical. With the new gene in place, the treated
- host cell can now produce the protein necessary to guide the body to develop
- the trait it was missing, or to generate the missing material that allowed the
- pathological condition to occur.
- The last step is to introduce the newly created material into the body.
- In some cases the new host cell itself may be introduced into the body. The
- first successful use of this technology, approved by the Food and Drug
- Administration (FDA), is used to produce a blood clotting protein that is
- missing in persons with hemophilia. It uses a cell from a hamster's ovary as
- the host cell.
- In other cases, it is enough to be able to create cells that will produce
- the missing chemical, and then harvest the material. This can then be
- administered as many other "medications" are, usually by injection. I do not
- know if these techniques represent the ultimate solutions to "all man's ills",
- for there is still much to be learned. But I do admit it is one of the most
- exciting branches of research to develop in a long time.
-
- ----------------
-
- The material contained here is "FOR INFORMATION ONLY" and should not replace
- the counsel and advice of your personal physician. Promptly consulting your
- doctor is the best path to a quick and successful resolution of any medical
- problem.
-